![]() The result is that passive surveillance programs produce reliable data about whether vector tick species are present in an area, the proportion of ticks infected with a tick-borne pathogen (limited in geographic granularity in regions from which few ticks are submitted), and the progress of establishment as a nonendemic tick species spreads into a territory not colonized previously. Passive surveillance programs relying on self-reporting by tick-bite victims or their physicians are comparatively easily and cheaply maintained, producing datasets of far greater scope but substantially less precision than active surveillance programs. These programs, however, are expensive in resources and manpower, which typically results in surveillance efforts that are quite limited in scope and duration. 2016).Īctive surveillance programs emphasizing systematic collection and pathogen testing of vector ticks provide great precision in evaluating the spatial and temporal distribution of ticks and patterns of pathogen distribution. scapularis in the midwestern and northeastern United States, and the concomitant expansion of Lyme disease, emphasize the increasing importance of this disease to public health ( Lingren et al. Furthermore, the expanding distribution of I. Although very few fatalities result directly from Lyme disease infection, the number of people infected and morbidity inflicted underscores the public health importance of this illness. Of these, Lyme disease is by far the most significant, with about 30,000 cases reported to the CDC per year ( ) and an estimated 10 times as many cases diagnosed ( Hinckley et al. It transmits a variety of disease-causing organisms, including those responsible for Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and Powassan virus. The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, is currently the most important vector of disease to humans in the continental United States. Tick, Rickettsia buchneri, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Lyme disease The results of these surveillance programs indicate an increasing risk of disease transmission by I. phagocytophilum, and 67.3% for Rickettsia spp. (likely representing Rickettsia buchneri). burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and spotted fever group Rickettsia spp. Ixodes scapularis nymphs collected at these sites were tested for the presence of B. ![]() Active surveillance was performed at selected sites from 2007–2009. burgdorferi, the highest proportion of any year. burgdorferi increased over time between 19. ![]() The proportion of vector ticks infected by B. scapularis per year over the surveillance period, indicating expansion of this tick species across the state. An average of 2.6 of Iowa’s 99 counties submitted first reports of I. ![]() Submitted ticks were identified to species and life stage, and Ixodes scapularis Say nymphs and adults were tested for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi. He has published over 160 peer-reviewed papers and is currently a specialist editor for tick and tick-borne diseases for the International Journal for Parasitology and Systematic and Applied Parasitology.A passive surveillance program monitored ticks submitted by the public in Iowa from 1990–2013. His main research interests involve the complex dynamics of host-tick-pathogen systems. Trevor Neil Petney is a Lecturer at the Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. He is involved in several projects with the European Center for Diseases Control and has published more than 70 papers in high-impact journals.ĭr. Mihalca DVM, PhD is an Associate Professor of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania and a member of the European College of Zoological Medicine (Wildlife Population Health), as well as the coordinator of the European Network for Neglected Vectors and Vector-borne Infections with research interests mainly in the field of ticks. He is currently involved in several projects with the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control and other European agencies, working on ticks and related topics.Īndrei D. His current interest is in understanding the molecular relationships between ticks, pathogens and reservoirs. He has described five new species of ticks, and is the co-author of over 150 papers in prominent peer-reviewed journals. ![]() His main field of research is the epidemiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens, capturing the dynamics of the populations of ticks in natural foci of pathogens. Agustin Estrada-Peña is a Professor of Zoonoses at the University of Zaragoza (Spain). ![]()
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